The invention of Ductile iron..In Millis' Own Words

The late Keith Millis recounted his discovery during a 1983 Ductile iron Society speech celebrating the 40th anniversary of his laboratory invention.







Gagnebin (l) and millis congratulate each other upon receiving AFS Gold Medals in 1952 for their invention.

"Early in the second World War, INCO (International Nickel Co.) was promoting Ni-Hard, a very hard cast iron used in abrasion-resistant applications such as ore grinding balls and crusher rolls. In addition to nickel (Ni), the iron required chromium (Cr) to the tune of 1.5% to assure that all the carbon (C) was combined as ahard carbide. Cr was considered critical to the war effort and the supply was not that great.

The development side of R&D at INCO panicked with fear that the supply of Cr would be depleted and not available for Ni-hard. A development engineer, kenneth A. DeLonge, was responsible for promoting the Ni-Hard development in the field. On Januari9,1942, he wrote a memo to the laboratory outlining their concern and requesting that the laboratory look for a substitute for Cr.
The head of the laboratory, Mr. Norman B. Pilling, accepted the job and it was assigned to me to do the research.

In the last 25 years, I have complainted on occasion that researchers, in the veracular, reinvent the wheel. They do not research the literature, and very often we see reports of expensive research that duplicates results already in the literature.
I was quite new in 1942 in the cast iron section, having just transferred after a year or so in the nonferrous section. My total literature research involved only consulting a book on chemical compounds to find out which elements combined with C to form carbides...I had written down a list of elements that I though might form carbides...and magnesium showed two carbides, Mg2C3 and MgC2.

I then laid out a program in which the following additions should be made:Cr,zirconium (Zr), cerium (Ce), bismuth (Bi), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), tellurium (Te)-two levels since it was known to form carbides in iron-Mg and colombium (Cb). I went over the plans with my superiors and was immediately told that I could make all the additions except Mg. That was forbidden because it was dangerous.
As I recall, during Mr. Pilling's actual research days, he was experimenting with Mg additions in high-Ni iron alloys. Mg is commonly used in Ni alloys such as Monel for deoxidization purposes. He found that where the iron (Fe) content approached 25% or more, the violence of the Mg addition became intolerable. Hence, he forbade me to use Mg.

This event showed up later on in the litigation with Ford, as another example of 'I don't get no respect.'In his testimony, Pilling said, "When Millis had prepared his program which had involved making experimental melts of nickel-irons containing a variety of elements, he listed what he thought might have interest as carbide stabilizers. When I saw the list and found on it Mg, I was first disposed to tell him to scratch it off and forget it. But perhaps a little charitable thought occurred. It seemed to me,well, we all have to learn, sometimes the hard way. Go ahead and do it.'
The Master Judge Rifkind broke in and said:'He was expendable?' To which Mr. Pilling replied:'He was expendable, and I was not.'

The fact that Mg could form two carbides with C was no guarantee that it would have this action in a molten cast iron bath. Here, I might refute my own earlier statement about researchers doing too little in the way of checking out past work in the area. For had I searched about all I would have found about Mg in cast iron would have been the Meehan patent which put Mg in the same category with calcium (Ca) as an element that promoted the breakdown of carbide and the precipitation of graphite as flakes. With this knowledge, I probably would have scratched Mg myself.

Well, after I got clearance from above, and was properly warned about the incompatibility of Mg and molten iron, I planned my heat to test the elements that seemed to have the most promise. It was a 250-lb melt produced in the Detroid Rocking Furnace on Februari 13, 1942. It was a normal base Ni-Hard composition. 3.35%C,0.50% Si,0,50% Mn,4,5% Ni, but without Cr.

The elements I investigated were Zr, Ce, Bi, Cu plus Pb, two levels of Te, Cb and 0.5% Mg. The other taps were the base iron and one with 1.50% Cr-normal Ni-Hard. Each tap was cast into a 2x6x6-in. chill block, chilled against a 2x6 inch face.

The chill blocks were subsequently fractured. The base iron had 0.02 in. of carbidic iron above the chill face and all except the bottom 0.33in. was graphitic.
Of course, the Cr-containing iron was completely carbidic-which was the goal. None of the others showed significant carbides except the Te, which was not enough and Mg-which was really a surprise.
It had 5in. (out of 6) that was carbidic. And even the top inch included some carbide. Also, the block was considerable tougher, more difficult to fracture than the regular Ni-Hard block.

This result, plus the fact that Mg was most effective in lowering the sulfur (S) content of the iron was considered novel, which is a criterium for patent approval. Accordingly, the result was recorded on February 14, 1942, witnessed by A.P.Gagnebin. A patent suggestion was written and eventually I was issued patent number 2,516,524 on July 25,1956.

In January 1946, out of curiousity, I got the chill block out of storage and polished a section of the inch at the top. If I had done this back in 1942, we could have celebrated our 40th anniversary last year because the graphite in the top was spheroidal. How many discoveries do you suppose to go undiscovered permanently under similar circumstances?

This research was followed by another program of the effect of Mg on white iron having no Ni content. Nothing new was learned and the program on white iron was closed out. After discussions about Mg in iron and the fact that Mg had a very pronounced effect on cast iron, it was natural to wonder if it would be effective in any way in a cast iron of a composition and[some text missing in original article]..inoculation procedure designed to produce graphite in the iron.

On March 17,1943, N.B.pilling, who was head of the lab, made it official in a memo directing that a research program be undertaken to determine the effect of Mg in gray iron. This project was assigned to A.P.Gagnebin and me.
There had been some early evidence that Mg would improve a gray iron. Early in Januari of 1943, several taps of a heat in the white iron investigation were treated with 0,5% Si as Fe85%Si. The transverse strenth of the iron increased from about 4500 lb to 6500 lb. The graphite was finer in the treated iron, but still flake.

Under the new job, two heats were made on April 12, 1943. One was a base iron of 3.64%C,2%Si,0.75%Mn,0.06%S and 2%Ni. The other iron was a higher strength, lower carbon equivalent (CE) base iron and while the results were similar, they were not as startling as with the high CE heat. Mg addition, as an 80%Ni-20%Mg alloy of 0.05%,0.30%,0,40% and 0,50% were made, each followed by a FeSi inoculation. Arbitration bars were broken and tensile bars machined from the arbitration bars....

It did not take long to cut several microsamples, which were polished and examined under the microscope. And of course, they revealed that the graphite was entirely in the spheroidal form. That accounts for the invention. Here was a new material with outstanding properties and economies that from that point on could be produced at will. I, being a very young and naive research metallurgist, thought, "That's it, lets get the foundry industry going on this.'


The microsamples of the heats tapped on April 12, 1943 showed that the graphite had taken a spheroidal shape...and ductile iron was born.

Of course at that point, I had had no experience with the foundry industry and its level of technical expertise. There was certainly an awesome amount of work necessary before any information could be released, such as effects of elements, additives, production procedures, physical properties, corrosion resistance, deleterious elements, heat-treatment for various properties and a multitude of other factors that had to be investigated before a patent application could ever be made.

As some insurance against a leak and possible loss of patentability, a page of the basic facts was written in my record book, signed by A.P.Gagnebin and me and witnessed by a notary public. it was dated may 5, 1943.



This page in Millis' record book, signed by he and gagnebin 24 days after the historic heat was poured, secured the tandem's place in history as the co-inventors of ductile iron.

Because of the potentional value of the inoculation, it was decided that if only a few people know about it, the possibility of a leak would be diminished. Consequently, when I was about to make Mg additions to a heat in the experimental foundry, I would make several phone calls to department heads in the main lab.
Soon, the foundry phone would ring and people privy to the information would be called into the main lab on some pretext.
In the early '50s, I ran into a man who had worked in the lab during most of the period. He expressed wonderment that he could have been there all the time and known nothing about it.

This experimentation continued for five years before an application was filed in Washington, D.C. on November 21, 1947. In order to establish, for the record, on an earlier date an application was filed in Great britain, march 22, 1947.
The U.S. Patent Office really investigated this one, possibly because Henton Morrogh filed January 25, 1949 for a patent on his Ce process in hypereutectic irons.
The INCO main patent and the patent on improved cast iron 2,485,760 and 2,485,761, respectively, were granted October 25, 1949.
The Ce patent was granted November 15, 1949. Incidentally, INCO subsequently purchased the Ce patents.

Work continued after the patent filing with full intentions of being able to transfer technology and know-how to licensees. Incidentally, the formation of a license contract and system was a big problem for the legal staff, since INCO had never had a royalty licensingsystem.

We were somewhat distressed to learn that Henton Morrogh was going to reveal his process at the May 7, 1948 AFS meeting in Philadelphia. We didn't feel that we were ready. On the other hand, we knew about his process and knew the Mg process was the better of the two. Consequently, rather than let the American foundry industry 'chase the wrong rabbit', so to speak, the decision was made to offer a simple announcement that INCO had a process using Mg. This was done in a discussion of Morrogh's classic paper.

Then we really went to work both in the lab and at the negotiating table because in effect we were deluged with requests for licenses.
During the years since, there have been many improvements in processing techniques and in the understanding of interactions of elements and primarily the need for close quality control. The Mg reaction in iron has always fascinated me because of its spectacular brilliance. Unfortunately, from this standpoint, improvements in techniques have reduced this spectactular aspect to unimpressive mildness in most shops. OSHA and labor promoted this, but on occasion I will be in a shop and get a glimpse reminiscent of the past.

For the trial with Ford Motor, a noted judge, the honorable Simon H.Rifkind, was appointed as special master to preside over the proceedings. At one point, INCO and Ford moved the hearing to Cooper-Bessemer Corp., at Mount Vermon, Ohio, in order to let Judge Rifkind wittness the process and get testimony from three of the Cooper-Bessemer people. After the demonstration, one of the witnesses was asked if he would describe in words what the nature of the reaction is, that is to say, its appearance. Before he could answer, Judge Rifkind broke in saying.'He has to qualify as a poet for that.'The witness answerred, 'Well, at the moment of contact with the hot metal,the Mg-bearing alloy creates a Mg fire which is undoubtedly an oxidation of Mg and a certain percentage of the Mg burned off into the atmosphere, creating a white smoke, which is likely Mg oxide.'

At this point, the judge broke in again, saying:'If you want to find words for it, I will refer you to the early chapters of Exodus, where there is a description of what happened on top of a mountain called Sinai.'
I am sure that everyone in the courtroom hunted up a bible to see what this was. It follows:'And it came to pass on the third day in the morning, that there were thunders and lightnings and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud: so that all the people that were in the camp trembled. And Moses brought forth the people out of the camp to meet with God; and they stood at the nether part of the mount. And Mt.Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the Lord descended upon it in fire; and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly.'"